Software Development Methodologies: A Comparative Conceptual Review

Abstract

Software development methodologies play a crucial role in determining the success, quality, and efficiency of software projects. Over time, various methodologies such as Waterfall, Agile, Scrum, Spiral, and DevOps have been introduced to address different project needs and development challenges. This study presents a comparative conceptual review of major software development methodologies by analyzing their principles, characteristics, strengths, and limitations based on existing literature. The research method used is a qualitative literature review that examines academic journals, books, and reputable publications in the field of software engineering. The findings indicate that no single methodology is universally suitable for all types of projects; rather, the choice depends on project complexity, team structure, stakeholder involvement, and organizational goals. Agile and DevOps approaches are increasingly favored in dynamic environments, while traditional models like Waterfall remain relevant for projects with well-defined requirements. This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the comparative aspects of software development methodologies and serves as a reference for researchers and practitioners in selecting appropriate development approaches.